A middle power is defined as a state that possesses sufficient capabilities to defend its sovereignty and exert a meaningful influence on international affairs. Though not to the extent of a superpower, its influence far surpasses that of smaller states. In the 20th century, the concept of "middle-powerness" garnered increased attention as several states sought to establish this status and promote an international order designed to limit the dominance of great powers, particularly during key moments such as the Versailles and San Francisco Conferences (1919 and 1945).
The end of the Cold War, the dissolution of the USSR, the rise of China as a global force, and the growing challenges to the existing world order have revitalized interest in the concept of middle powers. This renewed focus is evident both among academics exploring the dimensions and applicability of "middle-powerness" and among practitioners seeking to navigate theirs nations throughout a turbulent international system by redefining their status and identity.
Contemporary studies of middle powers typically define "middle-powerness" as a combination of both hard and soft power resources, alongside a distinct set of behaviors and functions within the international system. Nevertheless, much of the scholarly analysis remains anchored in the experiences and histories of Western states, which serve as benchmarks for evaluating the behavior and status of non-Western states. While there is a growing effort to extend the study beyond established middle powers—such as Australia, Canada, and Scandinavian countries, often seen as traditional middle powers with global influence—to emerging middle powers like Korea, Brazil, Turkey, and Indonesia, primarily recognized for their regional impact, this Western-centric perspective risks reaching an impasse. This is particularly true as we're witnessing a significant power shifts and knowledge transitions from the West to the East.
In response to this challenge, this panel seeks to broaden the theoretical and practical discussion surrounding "middle-powerness" and the role of middle powers by focusing on new and emerging states in the Indo-Pacific. By expanding the scope of analysis, the panel aims to develop a more nuanced understanding of middle-power dynamics in a rapidly changing global landscape.