The Shifting Role of Buddhism in East Asian Politics: A Historical and Modern Perspective

This paper examines the long-standing influence of Buddhism on East Asian political systems and ideologies. Since its introduction over two millennia ago, Buddhism has been a key part of the region's cultural and political fabric, impacting governance, diplomacy, and social cohesion. It has been adapted to local traditions in countries like China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, playing a dual role in shaping governance models and legitimizing rulers. Historically, Buddhism was used as a tool for political consolidation and state formation, providing moral and philosophical foundations for leaders seeking social harmony and ethical governance. It also facilitated diplomatic ties and cultural exchanges between East Asian states, as seen in the sharing of Buddhist texts, art, and practices. In contemporary times, Buddhism's influence has become more nuanced due to the rise of secularism and state control. However, it continues to play a significant role, albeit in transformed ways. Buddhist organizations have adapted by engaging in social activism, community welfare, and environmental sustainability initiatives, aligning with both Buddhist ethics and modern political agendas. This paper argues that Buddhism remains a vital force in East Asian politics, albeit in a transformed capacity. It has shifted from direct influence on statecraft to a more indirect engagement in social and political spheres. The ability of Buddhism to adapt to changing political landscapes while preserving its core principles demonstrates its enduring relevance in the region. The research paper will attempt to investigate that how Buddhism is utilised as a tool of soft power in regional politics, and what role does it play in fostering diplomacy or cultural ties? The multi-method approach will incorporate historical and comparative analysis to review the historical texts, religious scriptures, and academic research to trace the historical relationship between Buddhism and political structures in East Asia and further track shift in Buddhism’s role in governance and diplomacy over time. Content Analysis will highlight the state policies, government policies and public statements in order to examine how East Asian governments approach Buddhism.